Circulatory, Respiratory & Nervous Systems
Textbook Chapters: 37 & 40
Downloads: Circulatory Review Respiratory Review Nervous Review
Student Missions:
Mission 1: It's The Beating Of That Hideous Heart!!!
Mission Objectives. You should be able to...
1. Describe the major structures of the circulatory system and their functions.
2. Trace the path of blood through the heart and the body.
3. Distinguish between arteries, veins and capillaries.
Downloads: Circulatory Review Respiratory Review Nervous Review
Student Missions:
Mission 1: It's The Beating Of That Hideous Heart!!!
Mission Objectives. You should be able to...
1. Describe the major structures of the circulatory system and their functions.
2. Trace the path of blood through the heart and the body.
3. Distinguish between arteries, veins and capillaries.
Test your knowledge of the heart's structure with this cool interactive.
Mission 2: Breathe, Baby, Breathe!!!
Mission Objectives. You should be able to...
1. Describe the major structures and functions of the respiratory system.
2. Explain how blood becomes oxygenated.
3. Describe the breathing process.
Mission Objectives. You should be able to...
1. Describe the major structures and functions of the respiratory system.
2. Explain how blood becomes oxygenated.
3. Describe the breathing process.
Let's take a closer look at the breathing process with this video.
Review your knowledge with this interactive!
Let's test the relationship between respiration and circulation by doing this lab.
Prep Work:
Step 1: Pick a partner. If there is an uneven number of students, one group will double up.
Step 2: Check your resting heart rate ([your pulse] the number of heart beats within 10 seconds, then multiply by 6). Write this down.
Step 3: Check your breathing rate. Breathe normally for 10 seconds and count the number of breaths within that 10 second period. Multiply by 6. Write this down.
Step 4: You will compare your RHR and RBR to your HR and BR post exercise. We will go outside to the field or court (whichever's available). You will (1) walk for 90 seconds,(2) jog for 90 seconds, and (3) do jumping jacks for 90 seconds. After each exercise, you will calculate your HR and BR three times: 30 seconds after you're done, 1 minute after that, and 2 minutes after that. Write those numbers down.
Step 5: Switch places with your partner. Repeat Step 4.
Step 6: Switch back and perform Trial 2.
Step 7: Switch places with your partner. Repeat Step 6.
The last page of the packet is your data sheet; what you will submit for grading. In class, you will write your research question and generate a hypothesis about YOUR HR and BR. We will revise the data table that's listed.
After data has been collected, you will write a short conclusion.
Review your knowledge with this interactive!
Let's test the relationship between respiration and circulation by doing this lab.
Prep Work:
Step 1: Pick a partner. If there is an uneven number of students, one group will double up.
Step 2: Check your resting heart rate ([your pulse] the number of heart beats within 10 seconds, then multiply by 6). Write this down.
Step 3: Check your breathing rate. Breathe normally for 10 seconds and count the number of breaths within that 10 second period. Multiply by 6. Write this down.
Step 4: You will compare your RHR and RBR to your HR and BR post exercise. We will go outside to the field or court (whichever's available). You will (1) walk for 90 seconds,(2) jog for 90 seconds, and (3) do jumping jacks for 90 seconds. After each exercise, you will calculate your HR and BR three times: 30 seconds after you're done, 1 minute after that, and 2 minutes after that. Write those numbers down.
Step 5: Switch places with your partner. Repeat Step 4.
Step 6: Switch back and perform Trial 2.
Step 7: Switch places with your partner. Repeat Step 6.
The last page of the packet is your data sheet; what you will submit for grading. In class, you will write your research question and generate a hypothesis about YOUR HR and BR. We will revise the data table that's listed.
After data has been collected, you will write a short conclusion.
Mission 3: BRAINS!!!!!
Mission Objectives. You should be able to...
1. Describe the major structures of the nervous system.
2. Describe the functions of the brain and the spinal cord.
3. Draw and annotate a neuron.
4. Compare and contrast the central nervous system with the peripheral nervous system.
Mission Objectives. You should be able to...
1. Describe the major structures of the nervous system.
2. Describe the functions of the brain and the spinal cord.
3. Draw and annotate a neuron.
4. Compare and contrast the central nervous system with the peripheral nervous system.
Test your structural skills with this puzzle.
Mission 3: Nervous Lab
Mission Objectives. You should be able to...
1. Follow the directions of the nervous lab.
Download this lab: nervous_system_lab.doc. Print off a copy and we will go through it next class.
Mission Objectives. You should be able to...
1. Follow the directions of the nervous lab.
Download this lab: nervous_system_lab.doc. Print off a copy and we will go through it next class.
Mission 4: Impulses...Where The Party At???
Mission Objectives: You should be able to...
1. Describe how an impulse is transmitted.
2. Explain what happens at a synapse.
Neurons can be long or short. There are three main parts to the structure of a neuron: dendrites, axon, and the cell body. At the end of the axon are terminal buttons that release neurotransmitters that continue the impulse. Impulses are carried away from the dendrites along the axon and results in the release of a neurotransmitter at the synaptic terminal. This is a one-way trip; impulses do not travel in the opposite direction.
Below is a diagram of a neuron.
Mission Objectives: You should be able to...
1. Describe how an impulse is transmitted.
2. Explain what happens at a synapse.
Neurons can be long or short. There are three main parts to the structure of a neuron: dendrites, axon, and the cell body. At the end of the axon are terminal buttons that release neurotransmitters that continue the impulse. Impulses are carried away from the dendrites along the axon and results in the release of a neurotransmitter at the synaptic terminal. This is a one-way trip; impulses do not travel in the opposite direction.
Below is a diagram of a neuron.
In regards to impulses (or action potential) being transmitted, there are two components: repolarization and depolarization. Repolarization is sometimes called resting potential and it is the time when there is no impulse being sent. The resting potential is created by the active transport of sodium and potassium ions in different directions. Sodium ions are transported out of the axon and into the intercellular fluid. Potassium ions are transported into the cytoplasm. This is called the Na+/K+ pump. For every three sodium atoms out, there are two potassium ions in. The result of the position of the charged ions leads to a net positive charge outside the axon and a net negative charge inside the axon.
Depolarization is the process by which an action potential is sent. Ions diffuse from outside of the axon to inside (K+) and from inside to outside (Na+). The diffusion of Na+ ions is the action potential and results in the inside of the axon becoming temporarily positive in relation to the outside. This is depolarization. The depolarized area of the axon then initiates the next part of the axon and then the next until it reaches the synaptic terminals.
In order for action potentials to "go" there is a minimum threshold that must be reached.
Depolarization is the process by which an action potential is sent. Ions diffuse from outside of the axon to inside (K+) and from inside to outside (Na+). The diffusion of Na+ ions is the action potential and results in the inside of the axon becoming temporarily positive in relation to the outside. This is depolarization. The depolarized area of the axon then initiates the next part of the axon and then the next until it reaches the synaptic terminals.
In order for action potentials to "go" there is a minimum threshold that must be reached.
Here is a cool animation with questions. Check it out!!! Here's another link too.
Saltatory conduction is when an action potential skips from one node of Ranvier to another as the impulse progresses along the axon. The myelin sheath acts as an insulator and prevents charge leakage (ions falling out). The cytoplasm within the axon is electrically conductive and this allows the action potential to skip from one node to the next. This has two benefits: the impulse travels faster than it would in non-myelinated tissue, and less energy (in the form of ATP) is used for the transmission of impulses.
Let's take a look at this animation. When a neuron communicates with other neurons, the communication is chemical rather than electrical. Once the action potential reaches the synaptic terminal, it becomes chemical. Neurons align at the synaptic terminal so that they match up with the dendrites of other neurons. Neurotransmitters (NTs) are released from the synaptic terminal buttons of the initial neuron, which allows for the continuation of the impulse when the NT is received by the dendrites of the other neurons. Neurons that release NTs are called presynaptic neurons and neurons that receive NTs are called postsynaptic neurons.
Saltatory conduction is when an action potential skips from one node of Ranvier to another as the impulse progresses along the axon. The myelin sheath acts as an insulator and prevents charge leakage (ions falling out). The cytoplasm within the axon is electrically conductive and this allows the action potential to skip from one node to the next. This has two benefits: the impulse travels faster than it would in non-myelinated tissue, and less energy (in the form of ATP) is used for the transmission of impulses.
Let's take a look at this animation. When a neuron communicates with other neurons, the communication is chemical rather than electrical. Once the action potential reaches the synaptic terminal, it becomes chemical. Neurons align at the synaptic terminal so that they match up with the dendrites of other neurons. Neurotransmitters (NTs) are released from the synaptic terminal buttons of the initial neuron, which allows for the continuation of the impulse when the NT is received by the dendrites of the other neurons. Neurons that release NTs are called presynaptic neurons and neurons that receive NTs are called postsynaptic neurons.
Mission 5: Sensation & Perception
Mission Objectives: You should be able to...
1. Describe and explain the structure of the inner ear.
2. Explain how the structure of the inner ear functions to maintain balance and sense sound waves.
3. Trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina.
4. Describe the events involved in sensing light waves.
5. List four kinds of sensory receptors that help maintain homeostasis.
6. Describe how taste and smell are sensed.
You will need your textbook for this Mission in addition to the video below.
Mission Objectives: You should be able to...
1. Describe and explain the structure of the inner ear.
2. Explain how the structure of the inner ear functions to maintain balance and sense sound waves.
3. Trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina.
4. Describe the events involved in sensing light waves.
5. List four kinds of sensory receptors that help maintain homeostasis.
6. Describe how taste and smell are sensed.
You will need your textbook for this Mission in addition to the video below.
First image courtesy of Auris Medical. Second image courtesy of Thought.co.