11.1 Antibody Production & Vaccination
Mission 1: Anti-Body
Mission Objectives. You should be able to...
1. Describe how smallpox was eradicated.
2. Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used in pregnancy tests.
3. Explain how antigens stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
4. Analyze epidemiological data related to vaccination programs.
5. List and describe the steps of the mammalian immune response.
Antigens are foreign molecules that can trigger immune responses. Most common antigens are proteins and large polysaccharides. They can be found on the surfaces of cancer cells, parasites and bacteria, and on pollen grains and viruses. Our cells contain proteins and polypeptides. Immune systems function based on recognizing the distinction between "foreign" and "self" molecules (Oxford, 2014).
From the Pearson (2014) text:
Mission Objectives. You should be able to...
1. Describe how smallpox was eradicated.
2. Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used in pregnancy tests.
3. Explain how antigens stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
4. Analyze epidemiological data related to vaccination programs.
5. List and describe the steps of the mammalian immune response.
Antigens are foreign molecules that can trigger immune responses. Most common antigens are proteins and large polysaccharides. They can be found on the surfaces of cancer cells, parasites and bacteria, and on pollen grains and viruses. Our cells contain proteins and polypeptides. Immune systems function based on recognizing the distinction between "foreign" and "self" molecules (Oxford, 2014).
From the Pearson (2014) text:
Alex Lee has a summary of the content from 11.1.
Pathogens are ingested by macrophages and antigens from them are displayed in the plasma membrane of the macrophage. Lymphocytes called helper T cells each have antibody-like receptor proteins in their plasma membrane, which can bind to antigens displayed by macrophages. Some helper T cells have receptor proteins that fit the antigen. The activated helper T cells then bind to lymphocytes called B cells. B cells have a receptor protein to which the antigen binds are selected and undergo the binding process. The helper T cell activates the selected B cells. The activated B cells then divide and generate clones of plasma cells that all produce the same antibody type. This is called clonal selection. The antibodies are secreted and help to destroy the pathogen. (Oxford, 2014)
Watch the below video from Alex Lee to see how this actually works.
Watch the below video from Alex Lee to see how this actually works.
From the Pearson text:
Image from the Oxford 2014 text.
Terms you need to get familiar with: opsonization and agglutination. Read more about the role of antibodies on page 468-9 in your text. The below image, from the Oxford text, summarizes the modes of action of antibodies.
Terms you need to get familiar with: opsonization and agglutination. Read more about the role of antibodies on page 468-9 in your text. The below image, from the Oxford text, summarizes the modes of action of antibodies.
Antibodies are protein molecules produced by plasma cell leucocytes in response to a specific pathogen. They are Y-shaped proteins that share many of the same amino acid sequences. At the end of the forks are two sequences of amino acids that are unique to each type of antibody. They are called binding sites. Antibodies bind to the pathogens and mark it for destruction by other immune cells. They can use their binding sites on two antigens. This binds the antigens together which leads to clumps of pathogens. This agglutination helps macrophages and other phagocytotic cells find the pathogens for destruction.
Monoclonal Antibodies.
Monoclonal Antibodies.
Blood Groups and Antibody Production.
From the Pearson text:
From the Pearson text:
Workbook Lessons:
#282& #283: Audrey
#285 & #286: Carlston
#284 & #291: Hana
#289 & #290: Jeffrey the Scrub
#287 & #288: Karen
#282& #283: Audrey
#285 & #286: Carlston
#284 & #291: Hana
#289 & #290: Jeffrey the Scrub
#287 & #288: Karen